Let me begin by stating that this post is three weeks in the making. My husband had a cerebral vascular accident (stroke) last month, landing us in the center of the Coronavirus world; a New York hospital. What I share now is the most up-to-date, researched data available. Therefore, this post will be updated daily with new metrics for the remainder of the Covid-19 pandemic. In sharing the TRUTH about Coronavirus we can tamp down fear. Above all we’ll need empowerment for the tough months ahead. And foremost, we must respect the needs of the critically impacted healthcare system.
The Truth About Coronavirus
Yes, you know this by now. Fortuitously, I took the global health track for my recently completed doctorate studies. Our Special Olympics screenings, a global effort, sends vital health information directly to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Therefore, I have been following the United Nations’ World Health Organization (WHO), CDC, and National Institutes of Health (NIH) religiously for the past 3 years. Preparedness, I now say.
By now you must have seen Johns Hopkins University of Medicine U.S.-focused Covid-19 data tracker. This newer map compiles each region’s demographic, stay-at-home policies, testing results, and hospital capacity related to this virus.
Pandemic Timeline
So much has happened in such a short time. Globally, over one million cases were documented as of April 1 (Resnick, 2020). Today, nearly 120 million cases have been recorded (Johns Hopkins, n.d.). One week can now last a lifetime. Though looking back to the origins of CoVid-19 can be sobering, it is instructive as we move (creep) forward. It must be remembered to not let the truth of Coronavirus be re-written now. TODAY is the time to study the lapses. So the world can be enlightened for potential “next waves” in the months or years to come.
DECEMBER
December 10, 2019
An unexplained outbreak of pneumonia is identified in Wuhan-m China’s tenth-largest city (Schnirring, 2020).
The Wall Street Journal later reports that ‘Patient Zero’ was a 57-year-old shrimp vendor working at Huanan Seafood Market (Page, Wenxin, and Khan, 2020).
December, 29, 2019
The Wuhan Institute of Virology follows first patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Wuhan Jin Yin-Tan Hospital. Patient ‘ICU-01’ was not connected to the seafood market, but all others were. Specimens taken will eventually lead to the genome sequencing of CoVid-19 (People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, n.d.).
December 31, 2019
The WHO is notified that pneumonia of “unknown etiology” has been identified in Wuhan, China (WHO, 2020).
JANUARY
January 7, 2020
The CDC issues travel notice for travelers to Hubei Province, China due to sickness clusters (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2020).
January 13, 2020
Thailand reports the first confirmed case of Covid-19 is reported outside of China (WHO, 2020).
January 14, 2020
The acting head of the WHO’s Emerging Diseases unit tweets that there had been “limited” human-to-human transmission of the Coronavirus, and added that “it is very clear right now that we have no sustained human-to-human transmission” (Hermesauto, 2020).
https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1217043229427761152?s=20
January 21, 2020
CNN reports that the United States has its first lab-confirmed case of Covid-19 in Washington State (Cohen, 2020).
January 22, 2020
China imposes strict quarantine of Wuhan.
Public #transportation such as bus, subway, ferry and long-distance bus in Wuhan will be temporarily closed since 10am Thursday. All flights and trains departed from #Wuhan will be temporarily cancelled to reduce risk of spread of the new virus, local govt says. #coronavirus pic.twitter.com/gtzIlFszaf
— China Daily (@ChinaDaily) January 22, 2020
January 25
The beginning of Chinese New Year celebrations. Global events continue through February 4th (Chinese New Year Calendar 2020, n.d.).
January 31
The Trump Administration bars travel from China and declares public health emergency (Corkery and Karni, 2020).
.@WHO doesn’t recommend limiting trade & movement.
Travel restrictions can cause more harm than good by hindering info-sharing & medical supply chains & harming economies. We urge countries & companies to make evidence-based, consistent decisions. https://t.co/ksxOV6sbDN— Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (@DrTedros) January 31, 2020
FEBRUARY
February 8
Aerosolization is confirmed as a method of Covid-19 transmission (Lanese, 2020).
February 11
The WHO names this new virus “Covid-19;” replacing the novel Coronavirus “2019nCoV” (CNA, 2020).
February 14
France announces the first Covid-19 death in Europe; an 80-year-old Chinese tourist (Taylor, 2020)
February 29
First U.S. death from Covid-19 reported in Washington State (Newburger, 2020).
MARCH
March 11
The WHO formally declared Covid-19 a global pandemic (BBC, 2020).
March 15
The CDC recommends gatherings not to exceed 50 persons (Taylor, 2020).
March 16
Moderna’s mRNA-based Sars-CoV-2 candidate enters Phase-1 trials (Sharma, 2020)
March 19
California becomes the first state to issue a statewide stay-at-home order (CA.gov).
March 24
Three U.S. Army hospital units were deployed to New York and Washington State to work in local hospitals; the National Guard constructs four hospitals and four medical centers in New York State (Rempfer, March 2020).
March 26
US Senate passes the CARES Act; provides 2 trillion in aid to hospitals, businesses, and local governments. Most adults receive $1200 in immediate aid (AJMC, March 2020).
March 30
The USNS Comfort and 1200 medical personnel arrive in New York City’s Pier 90 on the West Side (Durkin, March 2020).
March 31
The WHO stands by the recommendation not to wear masks unless you are sick or caring for someone who is, citing universal shortages (Howard, March 2020)
APRIL
April 3
Citing increasing evidence of asymptomatic transmission, the CDC changes recommendations to suggest all Americans cover their faces in public (Dwyer & Aubrey, April 2020).
April 4
Total Covid-19 cases in the U.S. 277,205, with 6,593 deaths (CDC, 2020).
April 10
Apple and Google announce contact tracing app (Wuerthele, April 2020)
April 13
Coronavirus outbreaks in nursing homes and long-term care facilities are escalating at an alarming rate, causing at least 3,600 deaths in the U. S. (Condon, et al., April 2020).
April 14
President Trump announces the U.S. will no longer fund the WHO, citing pandemic mismanagement and misinformation on transmissibility (Keith & Gharib, April 2020).
April 20
Chile institutes the world’s first “digital immunity cards” for those who have recovered from Covid-19 (NY Times, April 2020).
April 24
The WHO warns against the use of immunity passports, reporting that there is no evidence that recovery from Covid-19 prevents possible second infection (WHO, April 24 2020).
April 24
In the U.S., the State of Georgie reopens businesses, including gyms and hair/nail salons (Hauck & Ellis, April 2020).
April 29
According to the NIH, early trial data shows that patients with advanced COVID disease had a 31% faster recovery post treatment with the antiviral Remdesivir. The FDA will grant Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) (AJMC, April 2020).
MAY
May 11
The childhood Kawasaki disease-like inflammation of heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, skin, eyes, or gastrointestinal organs is identified. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is reported in some children who have been exposed to the Covid-19 virus (CDC, May 20).
May 12
Many countries, such as Italy, Spain, Iran, New Zealand, and Thailand, lift stay-at-home restrictions (Nielsen, December 2010).
JUNE
June 5
For the first time since the outbreak, the WHO announces a face-covering policy. There is now “evolving evidence.” Hence, masks are included in their “comprehensive package” of prevention (WHO, n.d.)
June 22
Study suggests 80% of cases of assumed flu-like illnesses in March were undetected COVID in the U.S. (AJMC, January 2021).
June 28
Global death toll approaches 500,000 (NY Times, June 2020).
SEPTEMBER
September 28
Global deaths surpass the one million mark, with the U.S., India, and Brazil contributing a combined half of that total (Neilson, December 2010).
DECEMBER
December 11 The FDA issues its first Emergency Use Authorization for a vaccine to combat COVID SARS-CoV-2 to Pfizer-BioNTech (FDA, n.d.)
FEBRUARY 2021
February 1
The US reaches a milestone- with more citizens vaccinated than presenting with a positive COVID test(AJMC, March 2021).
How is Coronavirus Transmitted?
The family of Coronaviruses is a large one. It includes the common cold and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Fittingly, they are named for the crown-shaped (or “corona” in Latin) protein spikes that surround it genetic material (WHO, 2020).
Of note, most infectious diseases are 70-80% “zoonotic” or transmitted from animals to humans (WHO, 2020). These diseases can be propagated by international travel, population growth, urbanization, and migration (WHO, 2020). CoVid-19 (also known as SARS-CoV-2) is thought to have had “spillover” from an undetermined animal in a seafood market in Wuhan, China (Hopkins Medicine, n.d.).
Contrary to original reports cited above, community spread allows CoVid-19 to spread person-to-person. CoVid-2 is primarily transmitted through airborne respiratory droplets (largely by coughing and sneezing). And by “fomites”- touching any surface that has been contaminated by these droplets. (These include doorknobs, elevator buttons, and any other common touch point.) Unfortunately, the “viral shedding” that appears to be taking place by those asymptomatic (but incubating the disease) is still not well-understood (Auwaerter, n.d.). Therefore, the CDC recommends avoiding all close personal contact for these reasons.
“According to current evidence, COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted between people through respiratory droplets and contact routes. In an analysis of 75,465 COVID-19 cases in China, airborne transmission was not reported.” (WHO, March 2020)
How Contagious?!
VERY. In April, theCoVid-19 registered an “R naught” (RO) of 2.5. That is to say that for every infected person, they in turn infected 2.5 others. (This number is estimated to be higher as the US collects and validates its own data.) For comparison, the deadly Ebola virus has an RO of 2 and seasonal flu 1.3. Though this statistic will most likely change as more data is collected, this is an example of how Covid-19 can tear through a demographic (Resnick, 2020).
How Deadly??
The suspected death rate associated with Coronavirus has fluctuated from the early report of 12% in Wuhan, China (Mizumoto & Chowell, March 2020), to an interim rate of 2%, to the present 3.4%. By contrast, each year the flu kills approximately 0.1%.
Tips to Avoid Coronavirus
- Because of the fomite transmission, ANY hand to mouth habits have to be eliminated. Bite your nails or cuticles? Time to change behaviors.
- Allergy season is upon us. Do not itch your eyes. If necessary, use a clean piece of clothing or hanky to do so.
- Wash your hands (that includes between the fingers, the thumbs, and beneath the fingernails) often. As you know by now, singing Happy Birthday twice should do it.
- Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer when soap and water are not available. (Handwashing is always preferred.)
- Use hand lotion often, as the subsequent drying out of your skin might allow bacteria to enter cracks in the skin.
- For non-healthcare persons, the debate to mask or not to mask continues to be debated. At present, it is agreed that any form of homemade mask may mitigate the chance for YOU to give Covid-19 to OTHERS if you are asymptomatic (Feng et al.,March 2020).Though availability has vastly increased, it is still advised to save the N95s for the healthcare teams!
- The current CDC recommended “6 feet” of social distancing rule is equal to two arms lengths. Visualizing that distance will help.
- The WHO continues to advise “3 feet” of physical distancing (WHO, April 29).
Most importantly, please watch this (lengthy but reassuring) explanation from New York-Presbyterian/
Who Is Affected?
Persons with the highest risks:
- Older adults (65 years and older. Especially those in long-term care/nursing facilities.
- Younger adults 20–44 account for 20% of hospitalizations and 12% of ICU admissions
- Persons with asthma and/or chronic lung disease
- Immunocompromised persons, such as those living with cancer, organ transplants, and HIV
- Persons with diabetes
- Severe obesity. A BMI ≥ 30 occurs in nearly half of hospitalized patients.
- African Americans are hospitalized at a greater than expected frequency than expected on a population basis.
- Persons with heart disease, including hypertension
(CDC, April 2020)
Additionally, White House coronavirus coordinator Dr. Deborah Birx has noted that Covid-19 seems to be twice as deadly in males as compared to females (Today, March 2020).
Coronavirus Symptoms to Look For
Presently, you may have heard the typical signals: fever (44-98%), cough (46-82%), shortness of breath 31% .
According to the Johns Hopkins ABX Guide, here are others that the data now point to. (Note, Covid-19 is not a homogeneous disease!)
- Fatigue (11–44%)
- Pharyngitis
- Headache
- Productive cough
- GI symptoms (including diarrhea)
(Auwaerter, March 2020)
Due to ongoing experience in the US, the CDC more recently added these symptoms: (CDC, March 2020)
- Muscle pains
- Chills (with or without shaking)
- Sore throat
- Loss of taste and/or smell
Asymptomatic Transmission?!
Studies have pointed to asymptomatic transmission. In the CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, a review of 243 Covid-19 patients in Singapore identified clusters of “presymptomatic” passing of the disease (Wycliffe et al., April 2020). Likewise, recent work out of Iceland indicates that up to 50% of persons identified with Covid-19 never presented with symptoms (Government of Iceland, March 2020). It is for this reason that the CDC has recently recommended the use of cloth for the general population (CDC, April 2020). However, this is purely meant to curb YOU from infecting OTHERS. Not the other way around. (This differs from the n95 mask protection reserved for healthcare workers.)
What To Do If You Are Infected
If you are exhibiting the symptoms above (especially if you are spiking a fever) you can request an appointment for a Covid-19 test with your healthcare provider. Supplies are short, and appointment times may be long. In the meantime, these are the current recommended supportive measures:
- Assume you have Covid-19 and act accordingly
- Stay home
- Isolate yourself from family, using your own bathroom if possible
- Use a cloth/paper mask
- Use telemedicine if applicable
- Wash hands frequently
- Cough/sneeze into your elbow
- Disinfect surfaces (where droplets may fall) frequently with a chlorine-based product (Vinegar solutions, such as Windex will NOT be effective!)
- Take a hot shower to facilitate deep breathing
- Use a humidifier to ease a cough
- Drink plenty of fluids
- Rest
(CDC, February, 2020)
Ibuprofen Or Not??
It has been suggested that taking acetaminophen products (such as Tylenol) for fever/body aches is the safest treatment. Early warnings from France indicated that ibuprofen (such as Advil or Motrin) might limit the body’s ability to fight infection. Since that time, the CDC, WHO, and Federal Drug Administration (FDA) have all issued statements warning that these claims are unwarranted (FDA, March 2020). Additionally, the alternate acetaminophen is nearly impossible to find in stores. So, until we have a full body of evidence, use your own judgement.
When to Go to a Hospital
Do NOT wait to call 911 if you experience:
- High fever
- Severe shortness of breath
- Sensation of pain or pressure in the chest
- Blue lips
(CDC, March 2020)
As Dr. Price states in the video above, DO NOT just show up in the Emergency Department unless you have been instructed to, OR you are experiencing one of the above symptoms. Unfortunately, resources are stretched, and ancillary staff is needlessly exposed in that scenario.
The Truth About the Future of Coronavirus
The truth about coronavirus is evolving. At its essence, it’s a novel, or brand new virus. As a result, the globe has no “herd” immunity. Without antibodies to ward off the sometimes fatal disease, extreme measures have been taken. Quarantine comes from a term developed in the 1300s. “Quaranta giorni” is Italian for 40 days- the period of time foreign ships needed to sit in Venetian ports before entering the Black Plague-ridden city (CDC, 2012). Remarkably, and again in 2020.
Until the world body of science can play catch up, draconian mitigation has been our only recourse. Rapid testing/results, contact tracing (this began in New York’s Westchester, but the system quickly was overwhelmed), and quarantine have been the world’s only tools.
Word to the wise- flatten the curve does mean lengthen the curve. It is only in that manner that each country will not overwhelm the healthcare system while waiting for scientific interventions. Specifically, antibody testing will identify those who may re-enter the workforce safely. A “quick test” will mark those infected who will then be isolated from the rest of the community. According to the WHO, over 70 vaccines are under development globally, with 3 in clinical human trials (WHO, April 2020).
So What Do We Do NOW?
Strict personal hygiene will be the new normal. Get used to it. STOP touching your face. Certainly a new habit to break! Don’t leave home without your hand sanitizer. Practice your singing voice while you wash your hands. MANY times daily. According to most honest experts, social distancing in some manner will last for the better part of a year. Taking personal responsibility for our own health will taper anxiety. (Undeniably, this includes physical, mental, and spiritual health!) The real truth about Coronavirus will continue to reveal itself and we’ll be on it. Daily.
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